2018年12月30日星期日

Activities Summary 2018

I would like to summarize all quality, innovation and AI related activities I participated in 2018 as follows.  Seminar x43, Training/Workshop x7, Visit x13, Conference/Symposium/Forum/Summit x15, Arrange visit to HKSTP x9, Invited Speaking x6, Teaching course x0 and Professional Gathering x16. In this year, I focused on AI and attended different events organized by Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence (CAAI) (中國人工智能學會). (Details at https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/search/label/CAAI)


(AI related seminars, training and conference summarized at https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/search/label/AI .)

Seminar:
(YYYYMMDD)
20180110: Silk Road Seminar on the New Stage Developments in Uzbekistan
20180115: ISI Seminar on Design Thinking
20180118: HKQAA Seminar on ISO/FDIS 45001 Occupational Health and Safety Management System
20180116: HKCTC Seminar on the Latest Development in Construction Material Testing, Inspection and Certification
20180131: HKCTC Seminar on the Latest Development of Testing and Certification under CEPA
20180207: HKSTP Seminar on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (創新創業講座)
20180213: FHKI Seminar on Bay Area Soar by Innovation and Industrial Upgrading Opportunities (大灣創新騰飛, 工業升級良機)
20180226: HKIE Seminar on Chinese Traditional Wise on Environment Assessment (堪輿學與環境學 2018)
20180305: ESG Seminar – Leadership Strategy – How to use OKRs to stimulate Creativity to become Future Leaders
20180312: HKQAA Green Finance Certification Scheme Launching Ceremony cum Seminar
20180328: HKSTP TecONE seminar on Common Mistakes that Derail your Design for Manufacturing
20180406: Technology Incubation Network (TIN) Seminar on AI & IoT Past to Smart Future
20180409: IISE Seminar on “Introduction of Circular Economy and how this Business Model creates Values to Stakeholders”
20180410: Seminar on the $50-billion Budget proposal for Innovation and Technology
20180424: HKIE Seminar on China Technology Development New Trend and Hong Kong Innovation & Technology Development New Opportunity
20180427: CMA Testing Seminar on Global Market Access through Local TIC Alliance
20180508: ESG Leadership Seminar - How to secure your jobs & business against AI disruption
20180615: HKSQ Seminar on “Quality Dimensions of Apps and Infrastructure Development for Smart City – Success Cases”
20180629: ESG Seminar – Leadership Innovation – How Xiaomi Motivates Staff Innovation & Becomes the World’s Largest IPO
20180709: Experience Sharing by ASTRI on implementation of ISO 9001 for R&D Company and visit to Smart City Innovation Centre
20180709: HKSTLA Seminar on Robotics and AI Application in Logistic
20180710: HKSTP & TID Made in Hong Kong Seminar
20180712: Minitab Seminar on “Machine Learning enhance Product Reliability from Prediction to Execution”
20180712: HKAS & HKCTC Seminar on Cybersecurity Testing
20180804: HKSQ AGM Quality Innovation Seminar on “Extenics and AI Application”
20180813: HKIE Seminar - AI Technologies for Precision Forestry and Fire Detection
20180831: HKSTP SPARK Seminar on Cyber Security Threat Update
20180903: HKPC Seminar on Hong Kong Industry towards “Industry 4.0” Deployment
20180905: HKSTP TecONE Briefing on “Postdoctoral Hub” Programme and various Funding Programmes by ITC
20180907: FITMI Seminar on Smart Manufacturing to explore the opportunity in GBA
20180928: HKPC Seminar on Stepping into Smart Manufacturing with AI
20180929: Silk Road Series – Seminar on China-Ukraine Trade and More
20181005: SGS Seminar on “Increasing the Successful Rate of Your New Business (Lead Startup)”
20181013: HKETA Symposium on Innovation & Technology 2018 (Part 1)
20181016: HKETA Symposium on Innovation & Technology 2018 (Part 2)
20181019: CityU Seminar on Key Elements of a Business Plan for a Start-up Company
20181026: HKQAA Seminar on ISO 50001:2018 Energy Management Systems
20181106: Briefing Session on Health@InnoHK and AIR@InnoHK
20181116: HKSQ Seminar on Quality Innovation from i4.0 to Q4.0
20181117: HKSQ/Minitab/TQM Seminar on Asset Management and Reliability: Machine Learning + AI
20181130: HKSQ Seminar on Implementation of ISO 9001 and ISO 27001 for R&D Companies – ASTRI Experience Sharing
20181207: Minitab Seminar on Gearing Up for Industry 4.0 - Machine Learning for Manufacturing Performance
20181207: HKSQ Seminar on ASQ Certification Process

Training / Workshop:
20180430: Big Data & Business Analytics Workshop
20180607: CityU Workshop on AI in the Era of Big Data
20180622: FHKI AI & Big Data Workshop (人工智能和大數據工作坊)
20181015: HKPC Smart Enterprise Practical Training
20181114: CityU the 1st Workshop on Financial Data Analysis
20181214-16: The 2nd Nation Higher Education Teacher Training Course for "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence" (第二期全国高校《人工智能导论》师资培训班)
20181227: CityU Distinguished Lecture - How to Make an Artificial Vision System Smart?

Visit:
20180112: Inno Space Visit cum Sharing on How Technology Can Revolutionize Traditional Industries
20180119: HKSQ Technical Visit to Foshan Coca Cola Plant
20180120: HKSQ Cultural Visit to Foshan Ceramics Museum
20180203: HKSQ Student Project Competition 2018 – Defond Plant Visit
20180210: Visit to ActiveCareGroup Intelligent Robotic Solution (Shenzhen) Limited
20180301: Visit to ActiveCareGroup Intelligent Robotic Solution (Shenzhen) Limited (II)
20180414: HKSQ Congratulate to Dr. Aaron Tong awarded China Outstanding Quality Professional (中國傑出質量人) 2017 and visit Beijing Industries
20180518: Visit to CEPREI in Guangzhou
20180602: IET & IEEE Technical Visit to Songshan Lake International Robot Industry Base and Googol Technology Park
20180623: CityU Eminence Society – Exclusive visit to Peace Avenue Veterinary Clinic (PAVC) and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL)
20180706: IET & IEEE Technical Visit to CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute
20181022: Visit to MIT Hong Kong Innovation Node
20181221: HKSQ Technical visit to Hong Kong West Kowloon Station

Conference / Symposium / Forum / Summit:
20180103: Quality Improvement and Experience Sharing Convention 2017/18
20180105: CityU Emerging Technologies Forum – Advances in Battery Technology
20180130: HKIE Forum on Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Development
20180329: FHKI International Forum: Cloud Computing, Big Data and AI in Realising an Intelligent Society
20180424: Visit to Intertek (HK) for HKSQ Corporate Membership
20180517: HKQAA Symposium 2018
20180530: FHKI Industrialist Forum 2018
20180711: The WMD, the WAD and the WSD Forum 2018
20180728-29: CAAI Chinese Congress on Artificial Intelligence 2018 (中国人工智能大会)
20180919-21: ANQ Congress 2018 Almaty, Kazakhstan
20180921: The International Academy for Quality (IAQ) General Meeting and QiETT Symposium
20181103: OUHK Testing and Certification Day 2018
20181108-9: The 3rd World Summit for Chinese Quality (WSCQ)
20181117: PolyU Open Forum - Entrepreneurship in GBA driving the changes in Technology, Business and Society
20181206: The 14th Hong Kong Quality Management Convention

Visit to HKSTP:
20180129: HKSTP Sensor Lab Soft Launch
20180201: CityU & Hanyang University Students visit to HKSTP 2018
20180322: CNCA visit to HKSTP Laboratories
20180403: Prof. Yang Chunyan visit HKSTP and CityU
20180511: Prof. Cai Wen visit HKSTP and Dinner with HKSQ Exco members
20180515: ITAC Secretary visit to HKSTP
20180601: HKSTP Board members visit CityU R&D Laboratories
20180706: Queensland University of Technology visit to HKSTP
20180718: Zhejiang University visit to HKSTP

Invited Speaking:
20180416: CityU Guest Lecture of Quality Innovation & Extenics to CityU Students
20180505: Zhejiang University – PolyU Joint Center: The 20th Anniversary Ceremony Summit for Quality Management Master Program (浙江大學 香港理工大學品質管理(QM)碩士項目合作辦學二十周年慶典高峰論壇)
20180510: ISSC Asia Quality Management Symposium 2018 cum Annual Dinner
20180818-19: The 16th Annual Meeting of the Extenics (全國第16屆可拓學年會)
20181022: CityU Guest Lecture for BEng SEM Students
20181129-30: Mainland and Hong Kong Frontier Discipline Development Forum - Digital Transformation and Innovation in Manufacturing (内地与香港前沿学科发展论坛:制造业数字化转型与创新)

Professional Gathering / Meeting:
20180109: Technology Incubation Network (TIN) Inauguration 2018
20180117: HKETA Annual Dinner 2018
20180123: CityU Digital Business Innovation Festival 2018
20180305: CityU Eminence Society – The 6th Exco Meeting and Dinner with new Council Chairman of CityU
20180308: The 1st CityU Innopreneurship meeting with HANDS 2018
20180314: Hong Kong-Shenzhen Innovation and Technology Park Limited House Warming
20180322: CityU Distinguished Alumni Award Presentation Ceremony
20180323: HKSTP Annual Dinner and My Long Service Award
20180514: HKQF Partnerships Commendation Ceremony cum QF 10th Anniversary Celebration
20180528: CityU Inno-preneurship Mentoring Meet-up Dinner 2018
20180605: HKQAA Food Waste Recycling Registration Scheme Ceremony
20180621: CityU EngD Society Lunch Meeting with Prof. Dang and Dr. Alan Chan
20160630: Yuen Long Merchants Association Secondary School (YLMASS) 40th Anniversary Banquet (元朗商會中學)
20180724: CityU EngD Society Meeting with Provost
20181006: Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Professional Management Association (深港專業管理學會) Annual Dinner 2018
20181101: ATAL Craft Beer Night 2018

2018年12月27日星期四

CityU Distinguished Lecture - How to Make an Artificial Vision System Smart?

Most artificial visual systems consist of cameras and computers, like eyes and brain of a human being, but with low level linkage model between the two parts comparing to a human being.  In this talk, Prof. Wen Gao would like to discuss how we can improve the linkage model to make the artificial vision system smart. Prof. Wen Gao (Member of Chinese Academy of Engineering; Boya Chair Professor and Director of Faculty of Information and Engineering Science, Peking University) was our guest speaker and his presentation topic named “How to make a Visual Computing and Cognitive (VCC) system smart”.


Firstly, Prof. Wen Gao compared the Engineering VCC system and Hman-like VCC system. Recently, a good tool for camera and computer linkage was Deep Learning by Neutral Network. 


Then Prof. Wen Gao briefed the eye evolution from compound eye to fish eye to bird eye and then to human eye.  Biological vision system included Eyes, Pathways and Visual Field of the Brain.


And then he compared Biological System and Artificial System of three key parts that were Digital Retina, Networking and Cloud Computing.  


VCC had four contributions as follows:
1.      Background Modeling based Surveillance Video Coding
2.      Visual Feature Compression for Visual Search
3.      Joint Rate-Distortion (R-D) and Rate-Accuracy (R-A) Optimization
4.      Standards for digital retina

2018年12月21日星期五

HKSQ Technical visit to Hong Kong West Kowloon Station

HKSQ arranged a technical visit to Hong Kong West Kowloon Station on 21st Dec 2018.  Hong Kong West Kowloon is the terminus of the Hong Kong section of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link. It is the only station in the Hong Kong section and connects to the mainland China section through a dedicated tunnel.  It was constructed by MTR Corporation.  In the beginning, MTR representative introduced Hong Kong West Kowloon Station in the High Speed Rail Media Centre.  


Firstly, she introduced five step to use High Speed Rail from ticket sold to custom and then on the Rail.  


There were different paths to get the ticket.


And then she introduced the procedures for passing the custom between Hong Kong and Mainland.


After that we visited the High Speed Rail Visitor Centre.


Our members asked different questions about the rail.  


Aaron and I took a photo with the model of the High Speed Rail for memory.


2018年12月20日星期四

Remember Prof. Yury Gusakov - Vice-President of Russian Organization for Quality (ROQ)

This is very sad news that Prof. Yury Gusakov ANQ Board member and Former Chairman (2015-2017), Vice-President of Russian Organization for Quality (ROQ), the Member of EOQ Executive Board, Academician of IAQ passed away after a serious illness at age of 68 on December 17, 2018 in Moscow, Russia.  We, Hong Kong Society for Quality (HKSQ) expressed hearty condolences to Prof. Yury Gusakov 's family, friends and colleagues. The funeral of Yuri Gusakov will be held in Moscow today (20th Dec 2018).

(Photo taken during welcome dinner for ANQ 2016 in Vladivostok, Russia on 19th Sep 2016)

Prof. Gusakov made a great contribution to the development of quality management, not only in Russia, but also internationally. He was awarded the Founders Medal by International Academy for Quality (IAQ) during IAQ General Meeting on 22nd Sep 2017 in Kathmandu, Nepal. 


Prof. Yury Gusakov information:
He graduated from Moscow University (economics) in 1972 and same year joined Training Academy for standardisation and quality in Moscow, Russia. Later he worked in Russian R&D Institute for normalisation in mechanical engineering, Institute of standardisation and in 2000-2002 as Vice President of Rosstandart, Russian National Standardisation body. At present he acts as Board Member of Rosstandart.
In 2003 he joined Russian Organization for Quality (ROQ) as Senior Vice President and CEO.
In 2006-2008 he was elected President of European Organization for Quality (EOQ), in 2008-2011 - Coordinator of World Alliance for Quality(WAQ), from 2015-2017 Chairman, Asia Network for Quality (ANQ). Prof. Yury Gusakov is a Doctor of Science (economics), Professor, Academician of IAQ, Fellow of CQI, UK, Russian National Representative in EFQM and EOQ.
Starting 2015 he is also a Chair of International Programmes on Quality for Russian Training Academy of standardization and Quality, Russian National Representative in EFQM and EOQ. 

We met Prof. Yury Gusakov many times in different conference.  I would like to share our meeting to remember Yury – Quality Guru. 
Meeting in Hong Kong:
Prof. Yury Gusakov and Mrs. Olga Gusakov visited Hong Kong in Dec 2014.  HKSQ welcome dinner was on 30th Dec 2014.


Meeting in ANQ Congress:
We met Prof. Yury Gusakov many time in ANQ Congresses.
ANQ 2008 – We had dinner in Cruise in Thailand.


ANQ 2011 – HKSQ joined the board meeting to present the ANQ 2012 in Hong Kong.


ANQ 2012 - We took a photo during gala dinner in Hong Kong.


ANQ 2014 – We took a photo in Singapore.


ANQ 2015 – We took photos in Taipei.

(Left: Ms. Minda Chiang, I, Prof. Ching-Chow Yang (CSQ), Prof. Yury Gusakov (Chairperson of ANQ; ROQ), Dr. Catherine Chan and Mr. Peter Fung)

Minda took a photo with Mrs. Olga Gusakov and Prof. Yury Gusakov.


Gala Dinner song in ANQ 2015


ANQ 2016 – We took a photo in the Marine Conference Hall which had 54 seats occupancy at the table.


Gala Dinner song in ANQ 2016


ANQ 2017 – Dr. KS Chin and I took a photo with Prof. Yury Gusakov in the morning on 19 Sep that he had board meeting.


(Left: Mr. Too Meng Ken (SQI), Dr. Thanakom Soontornchainacksaeng, Dr. Panisuan Jamnarnwej (SQAT), I, Prof. Phulporn Saengbangpla (SQAT), Dr. Yury Gusakov (ROQ) and Ms. Gulbakhram Aitkhozhina (ROQ))

RIP Prof. Yury Gusakov

Reference:
20170922: The International Academy for Quality (IAQ) General Meeting and Dinner during ANQ Congress 2017 - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/2017/09/the-international-academy-for-quality.html
20170919: Pre-ANQ Congress 2017 Visit in Nepal (Day 4 to Day 5) - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/2017/09/pre-anq-congress-2017-visit-in-nepal_19.html
20160922: ANQ Congress 2016 Vladivostok, Russia – Gala Dinner - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/2016/09/anq-congress-2016-vladivostok-russia_91.html
20110928: ANQ 2011 - Board Meeting & Welcome Reception - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/2011/09/anq-2011-board-meeting.html
20081029: ANQ 2008 (Part 1 - AGM & Cruise Dinner) - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/2008/10/anq-2008-part-1.html

2018年12月19日星期三

HKSQ & HKQAA presentation for TID SME Development Fund

In order to enhance the startups quality management awareness and assist their development, HKSQ and HKQAA are seeking TID SME Development Fund to study the best practice of startup management system.  Today, Mr. Bryan Peng and Mr. Adams Wong (HKQAA) and I (HKSQ) attended the presentation on our proposal named “Feasibility Study on the Quality of Hong Kong Start-up Development for Supporting the Sustainable Business Growth” to TID funding vetting panel (19th Dec 2018).  


SME Development Fund (SDF) was launched in 2001 to provide financial support to non-profit-distributing organizations to implement projects which aim at enhancing the competitiveness of Hong Kong small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in general or in specific sectors. It has ceased to receive application since 1 October 2018.

HKSQ supported Hong Kong companies (including Corporation, SMEs and Startup) to enhance management system for long time through different activities such as seminars, technical visits, study missions and international conferences, etc. 

One of my recently publication about startup named “Implementing the Quality Startup Management System model in Hong Kong: a case study” and posted at https://jqualityinnovation.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40887-017-0013-x .

Most of our activities cooperation with HKQAA for startup are recorded in the reference.

Reference:
HKSQ - www.hksq.org
HKQAA Hong Kong Registration - Start-ups:  http://hkqaa.org/en_regservice.php?catid=13
20180928: HKSTP & HKQAA Quality Startup Scheme Meeting 2 - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/2018/09/hkstp-hkqaa-quality-startup-scheme_28.html
20180911: HKSTP & HKQAA Quality Startup Scheme Meeting - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/2018/09/hkstp-hkqaa-quality-startup-scheme.html
20180503: HKQAA Startup Coaching to HKSTP Incubatee - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/2018/05/hkqaa-startup-coaching-to-hkstp.html
20180117: Startup Meeting with Hong Kong Startup Council and CityU - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.hk/2018/01/startup-meeting-with-hong-kong-startup.html
20180110: Startup Meeting among HKSTP, HKQAA and InvestHK - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.hk/2018/01/startup-meeting-among-hkstp-hkqaa-and.html
20171220: HKSTP & HKQAA meeting with EMSD for Startup Innovation Procurement - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.hk/2017/12/hkstp-hkqaa-meeting-with-emsd-for.html
20170719: HKQAA Startup Coaching to CityU Inno-preneur “HANDS” - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.hk/2017/07/hkqaa-startup-coaching-to-cityu-inno.html
20170523: HKSTP & HKQAA Meeting for Quality Startups Registration Scheme 2017 - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.com/2017/05/hkstp-hkqaa-meeting-for-quality.html
20160819: Cyberport Smart-Clinic Seminar on HKQAA Startups Registration Scheme - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.hk/2016/08/cyberport-smart-clinic-seminar-on-hkqaa.html
20160615: Visit to Cyberport for Quality Startup Scheme - https://qualityalchemist.blogspot.hk/2016/06/visit-to-cyberport-for-quality-startup.html
20160513: HKQAA Symposium – Startups Registration Scheme Kicks off - http://qualityalchemist.blogspot.hk/2016/05/hkqaa-symposium-startups-registration.html
20160319: HKSTP the 2nd Briefing Session on HKQAA Hong Kong Registration – Start-ups - http://qualityalchemist.blogspot.hk/2016/03/hkstp-2nd-briefing-session-on-hkqaa.html
20160125: HKSTP Briefing Session on HKQAA Hong Kong Registration – Start-ups - http://qualityalchemist.blogspot.hk/2016/01/hkstp-briefing-session-on-hkqaa-hong.html
20150324: HKSTP Graduation Ceremony of Incubation Programmes & MOU with HKQAA - http://qualityalchemist.blogspot.hk/2015/03/hkstp-graduation-ceremony-of-incubation.html

2018年12月16日星期日

The 2nd Nation Higher Education Teacher Training Course for "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence" (第二期全国高校《人工智能导论》师资培训班) (Day 3)

The 2nd Nation Higher Education Teacher Training Course for “Introduction of Artificial Intelligence” (第二期全国高校《人工智能导论》师资培训班) was organized by CAAI from 14th to 16th Dec 2018 in Fuzhou.  In Day 3, I met Prof. Ma Shaoping (马少平) (清华大学计算机系教授、博士生导师; 中国人工智能学会副理事长) and took a photo for memory.  He told me that he had visited Department of Computer Science, CityU many years ago.  


Day 3 (20181216):
Prof. Ma Shaoping (马少平) was the first speaker in the Day 3 and his topic named “Search Technology” (搜索技术).  Search problem included space and path.  


Then Prof. Ma introduced different search algorithms. Blind search (盲目搜索) included Depth First Search (DFS) (深度优先搜索) and Width First Search (WFS) (宽度优先搜索). DFS was not guarantee to find the optimal solution if the depth limit was wrong.  WFS should find the solution if it had but resource consumption was high (see following diagram).  


And then Prof. Ma mentioned the Heuristic Algorithm (启发式算法) which also called A Searching Algorithm (A算法). If A Searching Algorithm fulfilled heuristic function - h(n) <= h*(n), it became A* (A Start) Searching Algorithm which usually used for the process of finding a path between multiple points, called "nodes". 


After that he stated Alpha–beta pruning (α-ꞵ剪枝) which employed for chess game (except GO) that seek to decrease the number of nodes and evaluated by the minimax algorithm in its search tree.


2018年12月15日星期六

The 2nd Nation Higher Education Teacher Training Course for "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence" (第二期全国高校《人工智能导论》师资培训班) (Day 2)

The 2nd Nation Higher Education Teacher Training Course for “Introduction of Artificial Intelligence” (第二期全国高校《人工智能导论》师资培训班) was organized by CAAI from 14th to 16th Dec 2018 in Fuzhou.  In Day 2, I met Prof. Wang Wanliang (王万良) (浙江工业大学计算机科学与技术学院院长、软件学院院长、教授) and took a photo for memory.  Prof. Wang Wanliang was old friend of Prof. Cai Wen (蔡文) and executive committee member of Extenics Society, Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence (CAAI) (中國人工智能學會可拓學專業委員會).


Day 2 (20181215):
Prof. Wang Wanliang (王万良) was the first speaker in Day 2 for three subjects in the morning.  Before the official topic, he introduced the “AI course development and education method” to us. 


Firstly, Prof. Wang mentioned the “Higher Education for AI Innovation Action Plan” (高等学校人工智能创新行动计划) which was issued in April 2018.  It included enhancing the AI innovation system, talent training and commercialization. 


Then Prof. Wang compared AI talents distribution in the world.  China was found much behind USA. 


Finally, he explained some misunderstanding on AI education as follows:
Error 1: Poor background can’t learn it (基础差学不了)
Prof. Wong said University had already opened AI courses. High school and even primary school also taught AI courses.
Error 2: Studied but didn’t know how to do it. (学了不会做)
He explained the most important was taught the concept and student could think how to use AI to solve complex problem rather than solved by themselves.  Thinking is much important than doing.
Error 3: Too theoretical and difficult to understand (太理论难理解)
He added that AI theories were not completed. But many things were similar human thinking to solve problem.
Error 4: Don’t know which books are suitable to read (不知道看什么书)
Prof. Wang told us that’s dependent on what purpose you selected.
Error 5: AI course difficult to teach (人工智能课程不好教)
Prof. Wang suggested to teach case study in application and development teaching project by topic, as well as, integrated research into teaching. 

Then Prof. Wang started the first topic named “Knowledge Representation” (知识表) that was the fundamental of human intelligent.  It included knowledge concepts, generation methods, and framework, as well as, status space.  


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